
COVID-19 Vaccines
Bali Pulendran, Stanford University School of Medicine
These are extraordinary times for immunology, vaccinology, and the world. In the few short months since its emergence, the devastating impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has radically transformed virtually every dimension of our lives and fueled an urgent global imperative to develop safe and effective vaccines. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in China in December 2019, some one hundred and eighty-five vaccine candidates, encompassing, a multitude of platform technologies, are being developed. No fewer than 55 of these have already been tested in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials in humans, 22 candidates have been, or currently being tested in large phase 3 efficacy trials, and 3 vaccines have been given emergency use authorization in the United States and in several other countries, and at least 3 other vaccines are being deployed internationally. The stunning pace at which these vaccines are being developed is unprecedented in the history of vaccinology.
Yet, as of March 2021, only some 355 million vaccine doses have been administered worldwide – roughly 4.6 doses for every 100 people on the planet. Sadly, there has been a stark gap between the vaccination rates in different counties, with most counties in Africa, and several countries in the developing world, yet to report a single dose. Furthermore, the emergence of several variants of concern, including the B.1.351 lineage first identified in South Africa, has raised concerns that the immune responses induced by the current COVID-19 vaccines may confer only partial or limited immunity against such variants.
In this talk, I will discuss the emerging knowledge of the immunogenicity and efficacy of the numerous COVID-19 vaccine candidates, and also discuss how the lessons learned from the COVID-19 experience is redefining the way we conceive of, make, test, license and distribute vaccines.
About Bali Pulendran

Bali Pulendran is the Violetta L. Horton Professor at the Stanford University School of Medicine, and a member of the Institute for Immunology, Transplantation and Infection, and the Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology at Stanford University. He is also an adjunct professor at Emory University and the Yerkes National Primate Center, and director of the NIH Center for Systems Vaccinology, at Emory University in Atlanta. He received his undergraduate degree in the Natural Sciences Tripos from Queens’ College, Cambridge University, and his Ph.D., from the Walter & Eliza Hall Institute in Melbourne, Australia, under the supervision of Sir Gustav Nossal. He then did his post-doctoral work at Immunex Corporation in Seattle. Dr. Pulendran’s research is focused on understanding the mechanisms by which the innate immune system regulates adaptive immunity and harnessing such mechanisms in the design of novel vaccines. More recently, his laboratory pioneered the use of systems biological approaches to predicting the efficacy of vaccines and deciphering new molecular correlates of protection against infectious diseases. Dr. Pulendran’s research is published in front line journals such as Nature, Science, Cell, Nature Medicine, and Nature Immunology. Furthermore, Dr. Pulendran is the recipient of numerous grants from the National Institutes of Health, and from The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, serves on many editorial boards, and is the recipient of two concurrent MERIT awards from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Pulendran serves on many advisory boards including that of Keystone Symposia and on the External Immunology Network of GSK. He is listed on Thomson Reuter’s list of Highly Cited Researchers, which recognizes the world's most influential researchers of the past decade, demonstrated by the production of multiple highly-cited papers that rank in the top 1% by citations.
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